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I forced myself to think what is the new concept and it became clear to me that it was risk, not only in technology and ecology, but in life and employment, too.'Д«ut he had to wait for sceptics to catch up with this thinking. 'I didn't like that term because this was used by blind people who don't know what's going on. The second modernity, by contrast, is defined for Beck by global ecological and economic crises, widening transnational inequalities, precarious forms of paid work and other challenges of globalisation that those nation states can't manage efficiently on their own. 'I was looking for a basic term to characterise the second modernity.' For Beck, it's worth pointing out, the first modernity was a period in which nation states, at least in the west, could be relied on to provide democracy, economic growth and security. The professor coined the jaunty-sounding German term Risikogesellschaft or 'risk society' in 1986 and then had to wait for several years for an incredulous world to grasp what he was on about.

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At the same time nations restrict civil rights in order to protect their populations from terrorism 'with the result that, in the end, open, free society may be abolished, but the terrorist threat is by no means averted'. 'The success of modernity - the better technology, the better production of markets - increases all kinds of risk,' he says. One of the side-effects of capitalism's triumph is that it makes our lives more risky, precisely when we try to make them more secure and comfortable, says Beck. 'I'm talking about a situation where normal instruments of calculating, anticipating and colonising the future don't work any more,' he says, smiling, over tea at the LSE. The 61-year-old sociology professor at Munich's Ludwig-Maximilian University and the London School of Economics is, despite this dismal worldview, a disarmingly avuncular, duffle-coated bear of a man - two parts Paddington to three parts tough-minded critical theorist.

'We are living in a world that is beyond controllability,' Beck retorts with a shrug. This, I suggest, is not an upbeat message. Neither science, nor the politics in power, nor the mass media, nor business, nor the law nor even the military are in a position to define or control risks rationally.' Here individualisation is a default outcome of a failure of expert systems to manage risks. 'The individual,' Beck will say in a lecture to be delivered in London next week, 'must cope with the uncertainty of the global world by him or herself. This last concept is particularly salutary. He's written widely about the riskiness of the insecure new world of work, about the perils of globalisation and what he calls tragic individualisation.

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The German professor has thrived as a professional Cassandra, diagnosing the optimistic futility with which we try to manage the unmanageable. Ulrich Beck has not made a career of calculating risks, still less trying to reduce them. True, the chances of this doomsday catastrophe happening are, the paper estimates, 1,000,000,000 to 1, but let's not be complacent. A microscopic black hole or a collision of cosmic rays could wipe out not just Earth but the whole observable universe at any moment. Should you manage to get through the day unscathed, there's a risk of you catching avian flu, BSE, or being washed away by a tsunami or obliterated by a hurricane as you lie in bed dreaming of happier times.ДЄs if we didn't have enough to worry about, a new paper from Oxford University's Future of Humanity Institute warns that we have underestimated the risk of exogenous planetary disaster. There is a risk that you will be bombed on your way to work by terrorists. W e live in a terrifying new millennium of global risks. XP recognizes that projects have to work to achieve this reduction in cost and exploit the savings once they have been earned.Fundamentals of XP include:* Distinguishing between the decisions to be made by business interests and those to be made by project stakeholders.* Writing unit tests before programming and keeping all of the tests running at all times.* Integrating and testing the whole system-several times a day.

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This new lightweight methodology challenges many conventional tenets, including the long-held assumption that the cost of changing a piece of software necessarily rises dramatically over the course of time.

Yet they can consistently deliver value to a business and remain under control.Extreme Programming (XP) was conceived and developed to address the specific needs of software development conducted by small teams in the face of vague and changing requirements. Software development projects can be fun, productive, and even daring.

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Read Online and Download eXtreme Programming eXplained : embrace change. EXtreme Programming eXplained : embrace change BY Kent Beck

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